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The ‘good viruses’ that battle bacteria are called bacteriophages.

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In the constant struggle between humans and harmful bacteria, scientists have discovered an unlikely ally – bacteriophages. These unique viruses, often referred to as “good viruses,” play a crucial role in combating bacterial infections. As we delve into the world of bacteriophages, we uncover their fascinating characteristics, their potential as a therapeutic tool, and their significance in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Understanding Bacteriophages

Bacteriophages, or simply phages, are viruses that specifically target and infect bacteria. Their name originates from the Greek word “phagein,” meaning “to devour.” Discovered over a century ago, bacteriophages are the most abundant biological entities on Earth, estimated to outnumber bacteria by a factor of 10 to 1. Their prevalence in nature highlights their critical role in regulating bacterial populations.

The Bacteriophage Lifecycle

Bacteriophages have a unique lifecycle, which consists of two primary stages:

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Attachment and Invasion: Phages attach to specific receptors on the surface of bacterial cells. Once attached, they inject their genetic material (DNA or RNA) into the bacterium.

Replication and Lysis: Inside the bacterial cell, the phage’s genetic material takes over the cell’s machinery, instructing it to produce multiple copies of new phages. The bacterium becomes a factory, churning out phages until it reaches capacity, causing the cell to burst (lysis). This releases numerous new phages to infect neighboring bacteria.

Bacteriophages: A Therapeutic Tool

The discovery of bacteriophages has opened up new possibilities for their application as a therapeutic tool, especially in the era of antibiotic resistance. With the emergence of “superbugs” – bacteria that have developed resistance to conventional antibiotics – researchers are exploring alternative approaches to combat these deadly infections. Bacteriophages offer a promising solution.

Narrow-Spectrum Specificity: Bacteriophages are highly specific to certain types of bacteria, targeting only the harmful ones while leaving beneficial bacteria untouched. This specificity makes them an ideal alternative to broad-spectrum antibiotics that may disrupt the body’s natural microbiome.

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Adaptive Evolution: Bacteriophages can evolve rapidly to counter bacterial resistance. Unlike antibiotics, which may lose effectiveness over time due to resistance development, phages can “keep up” with bacterial mutations, reducing the risk of resistance.

Biofilm Disruption: Bacteria often form protective biofilms, making them resilient against antibiotics. Bacteriophages have shown promise in penetrating these biofilms and effectively targeting bacteria within them.

Localized Treatment: Phage therapy can be applied topically, allowing for localized treatment of infections, which may reduce the risk of systemic side effects associated with antibiotics.

The Challenges and Future of Phage Therapy

While bacteriophages hold immense potential as a therapeutic tool, several challenges must be addressed to fully harness their benefits:

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Regulatory Hurdles: The approval and regulation of phage therapy as a medical treatment vary between countries, hindering its widespread adoption.

Phage Selection: Identifying the most effective phages against specific bacteria and ensuring their safety is a complex process.

Dosing and Delivery: Determining the optimal dosage and mode of delivery for phage therapy requires further research.

Bacteriophages, the “good viruses,” have captivated the scientific community with their potential to combat bacterial infections. As we face the growing threat of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, phage therapy offers a promising alternative for the future of medical treatment. By understanding and harnessing the power of bacteriophages, we may unlock a new era in medicine where these tiny viruses become our allies in the relentless battle against harmful bacteria.

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Fashion

During a pre-wedding cruise, Radhika Merchant chose a red Balmain dress for a romantic photo with Anant Ambani.

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The pre-wedding festivities in Italy of Radhika Merchant and Anant Ambani continue to gain attention on the internet as fresh images from the events appear on the platform. Shaleena Nathani, a celebrity stylist, also released pictures of the couple that feature them cuddling while on a cruise. For those who don’t know, the Ambani family celebrated Radhika and Anant by taking their friends and relatives on an opulent luxury cruise. See what the prospective bride wore to a cruise party.

The future bride is seen in Shaleena Nathani’s photos with Anant Ambani and Radhika Merchant wearing a red floor-length gown. “Celebrating Anant Ambani and Radhika Merchant on cruise,” was how Shaleena captioned the photo. The stylist also disclosed that Anant was dressed in a Dolce & Gabbana bespoke, while Radhika was wearing a Balmain outfit. The red dress is composed of viscose fabric and is part of their sustainable collection. To see how much Radhika’s outfit costs, continue scrolling.

What is the cost of the red Balmain dress worn by Radhika Merchant?

The dress that Radhika is wearing is titled “Long Pleated Dress With Flower Detail.” It costs about ₹5,42,850 (US 6,500) and can be purchased on the official Balmain website.

Everything about the styling of Radhika’s Balmain dress
The bold red hue gives the Balmain look like a suitable option for a future bride. It has a figure-hugging silhouette, spaghetti straps, a plunging V neckline, a front flower accent, a pleated design that cascades down, and a floor-length hem. With a matching red scarf, a diamond wrist cuff, a diamond pendant on a delicate chain, diamond ear studs, and bold rings, Shaleena accessorized Radhika’s look.

Lastly, Radhika opted for loose hair, winged eyeliner, shimmering nude eye shadow to draw attention to her under-eye area, pink lipstick on her cheeks, rouge on her cheeks, and highlighter.

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Milan Fashion Week: JW Anderson’s perspective on global warming, Prada’s youthful optimism in a troubled world

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Milan Fashion Week: Through their designs, Milan designers subtly conveyed their concern about the current condition of unrest throughout the world. According to Miuccia Prada, she wished to convey hope. “I think it was the right thing to do, even in these difficult times,” she remarked backstage during the Prada event. She’s not advocating for escape. “I eventually make a constructive suggestion, but I don’t like escapism.”

The designers of Simon Cracker, a company founded 14 years ago to offer recycled designs in opposition to the dominant fashion system, stated that it would be “irresponsible” to not use the platform to remark on the situation of the world.

“A Matter of Principle” is the collection’s dedication to “the children victims of matters of principle.”

Following Sunday’s third day of mostly menswear previews for Spring/Summer 2025, here are some highlights:

Prada conveys hope
The concept of imperfection is explored in the Prada menswear line. All is not as it seems, though.

Hoodies, jackets, and shirts appear cropped rather than shrunken. Three-quarter sleeves are found on overcoats. It’s a worn-out, inexplicably inherited wardrobe. Creases are as much a part of the construction as a pleat. Wires hold pointed shirt collars high. Faux belts on trousers are low, sitting below the waist. Additionally, belts are used to adorn bags as if to seal them.

Playing with the idea of the real against the phoney, as co-creative director of the brand alongside Raf Simons, Miuccia Prada stated, “is very contemporary,” calling such elements “an invitation to take a closer look at the clothes.”

The designers noted that the vibrant green cardigan, the floral shirt, and the turquoise coat suggest a mother’s or grandmother’s wardrobe, breaking up the neutral colour scheme. To layer, arrange pieces with cutouts of inverted triangles aligned up.

Backstage, Simons remarked, “We wanted (the collection) to be already alive, as if clothes you already lived with.”

Models for Prada appeared from a plain white hut and descended a runway surrounded by a white picket fence to enter the showroom. The scene is described by the designers as both youthful and utopian.

According to Prada, “youth is the hope and the future here.” “At this time, we felt it was important to encourage young people to consider our world as well.”

Unravelling the world at Simon Cracker
A world full of knots that need to be untied, just like the ones keeping the most recent Simon Cracker line of largely repurposed clothing together.

Designers Filippo Biraghi and Simone Botte put together their collection of reused garment castoffs for Spring/Summer 2025. They used drawstrings and laces to make dresses out of knitwear, skirts out of tennis shirt sections, and jackets that were restructured. Every component is unique.

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Through dying, the “nervous” colour palette of acid green, sea blue, violet, and black was created. Each material responded to the process differently.

Behind the scenes, Biraghi remarked, “It is a way of recounting what is happening in the world, without being too explicit.” “It would be reckless not to engage in politics at this time.”

The name of the 14-year-old brand is intended to suggest that there is a flaw or crack in the fashion system. Using abandoned or neglected clothing and deadstock fabrics—this time from the Italian sportswear brand Australian—they accept imperfection as a feature of their creations’ beauty.

Australian, which is becoming more and more popular with clubgoers, also produced a technological and black neon capsule collection of clothing for Simon Cracker, its first manufacturing line. The footwear was donated by Doc Martens, and the designers embellished it with costume jewellery, badges, and pins.

JW Anderson’s Adequate Rest
The soft and spongy clothing in JW Anderson’s warm weather collection for men and women cocoons the form, which is an odd decision given the planet’s growing temperatures. Real Sleep, the collection’s apparent motto on tees, jackets, and sweaters, might be interpreted as a guide to surviving in the real world.

The Northern Irish designer explained following the show that the humorous collection “played with this idea of miniature scale and maximum scale.” Large quilted jackets led the way, giving way to large cashmere balls filled with yarn, each in triplicate.

With intarsia windows and doors, Anderson’s small rendition of Georgian terraced residences and country cottages was displayed on the front of knitwear.

Sweatshirts with pillows seemed sturdy enough to break a fall. As if to say, “The world is too much,” large, colourful constructions like silken balloons were deflated and attached to coats. If that’s the case, find solace in a cheerful pint of Guinness; the Irish stout is highlighted in a capsule collection that features humorous pictures of a promotion for knitwear from the previous century.

Anderson claimed to be investigating “the idea of permissiveness with the clothing. This idea of what we do best is the storytelling.”

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Moschino breaks fashion conventions at Milan Fashion Week, while Dsquared2 amps up the ante with raunchy ensembles and male dancers.

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Milan Fashion Week: Predominately intended for menswear previews, the event marked the end of the previous calendar norms on Friday when it opened with two co-ed collections. There are just twenty runway shows this week, so there should be ample opportunity to consider the direction that fashion is going. Following Canadian design brand Dsquared2, which debuted a complete male and womenswear collection, Moschino opened with a show that combined menswear for the upcoming summer and women’s 2025 resort.

Highlights from Friday’s Lost and Found show at Moschino during Milan Fashion Week
During his second term as creative director of Moschino, Adrian Appiolaza tore the rules to pieces.

“I want to bring the concept of freedom of expression through clothing to Moschino’s future, since it is connected to the brand’s original DNA,” Appiolaza remarked in the rear. Gender is not at issue here. Nationality is not a factor here. Essentially, it’s about dressing as you want to and not how you should, and being at ease.

As summer approaches in the northern hemisphere, the Argentine designer reads our collective minds, appealing to our longing to escape the daily grind of the workplace and travel to our ideal destinations. Along the way, familiar items change and daydreaming takes control.

Appiolaza uses large paperclips to create a shimmering tank. Embroidered onto a blazer are fabric post-its with jobs left undone. Another turns into a survival jacket for an office worker; nothing is hidden and it has pockets for pencils, notepads, credit cards, ID badges, charging cables and field guides. Later on, it transforms into an adventure jacket complete with a magnifying glass and field guides.

Dresses are created by disassembling suits and trenches. Then, as if to say, “Enough,” they are torn apart. The final straw was an aeroplane sitting on a hat. After that, a real straw skirt.

There’s a new line of safari clothing, beach pareos, knitwear with soccer ball patterns, skirts that double as postcards and blazers printed with an Italian table still life featuring bread, ripe tomatoes and a Chianti bottle.

With a modern and irreverent twist that is guaranteed to make people grin, the collection boldly embraces the sardonic and whimsical DNA of the design house. An ink spot is ready on a suit shirt. A sparkling pizza smear adorns a tank top, which is paired with an Italian tri-color skirt featuring soccer balls all over it. Men wear brimmed hats in triplicate, as though a fashion copy machine replicated and resized them.

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“These characters are all explorers on a self-discovery journey,” Appiolaza remarked.

Dsquared2 increases the intensity
With their provocative and daring men’s and women’s collection for their Dsquared2 fashion brand, Canadian twin designers Dean and Dan Caten raised the stakes.

The twins termed it “bodacious theatricality,” but the Catens brought life to the fashionable theatre with a group of men dancing together beneath red lights while wearing sheer rubberized tanks and black pants.

The well-buffed collection included sheers, sequins, leather, and denim pieces that highlighted and exposed the body. There were only two panels to a denim garment, held in place by sequined vines. He wore asymmetric, off-the-shoulder knitwear that flaunted well-defined chests. Short shorts and sports number shirts were worn over sequin bikinis. Cascading chiffons exposed harnesses used for bondage.

Dan Caten remarked, “It’s sensual and sexual,” behind the scenes. We are experiencing a slight spicy feeling due to the Dsquared2 heat.

“We are bringing love,” Dean continued. We’re bringing a dream with us. Since reality as we know it is only partially true, we are delivering theatre, which is an escape from reality.

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